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Qu'est-ce que le/la 401(k) ?

Le 401(k) est un plan d'épargne-retraite d'entreprise américain qui permet au salarié de cotiser une part de son salaire avant impôt (Traditional) ou après impôt (Roth), avec souvent une contribution employeur, avec différé d'imposition jusqu'à la retraite.

2026 contribution limits are USD 24,000 ('elective deferral') plus USD 8,000 catch-up at 50+. Combined employer + employee limit is around USD 71,000. Most plans match 50–100% of employee contributions up to 3–6% of salary — always capture the full match before contributing elsewhere.

Withdrawals before 59½ incur a 10% penalty plus income tax (except hardship or 55-and-separated rule). At 73, required minimum distributions begin. Rolling over to an IRA on job change preserves the tax shelter and usually broadens investment choice.

Exemple

An employee earning USD 100,000 contributes 10% (USD 10,000) and receives a 5% employer match (USD 5,000); USD 15,000 enters the 401(k) each year, growing tax-deferred until retirement.

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Questions fréquentes

Should I max out the 401(k)?+

Always at least to the employer match; max if budget allows and tax deferral makes sense.

Roth or Traditional 401(k)?+

Same logic as IRA — Roth for younger or lower-bracket employees, Traditional for high-earners expecting lower retirement rates.

What happens when I change jobs?+

Roll over to a new 401(k) or to an IRA to keep the tax shelter; cashing out triggers tax and a 10% penalty.